How does summative assessment differ from formative assessment?

Summative assessment is a method used to evaluate student learning at the conclusion of an instructional unit or period. It aims to measure the extent to which students have achieved the learning objectives and competencies outlined for that unit. Typically, summative assessments take place after a period of instruction and can include exams, final projects, or standardized tests. This type of assessment provides a snapshot of what learners have grasped after the learning process has been completed, allowing educators to determine the effectiveness of their instruction and students' overall performance.

In contrast, formative assessment occurs during the learning process and is aimed at monitoring student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to enhance teaching and by students to improve their learning. The focus of formative assessment is developmental rather than evaluative, allowing adjustments in instructional strategies based on learner needs.

The other choices describe aspects that don’t correctly identify the distinction between these evaluation forms. For example, characterizing summative assessment as ongoing is inaccurate, since it is typically a concluding evaluation. Similarly, suggesting that formative assessment is one-time overlooks the nature of formative assessments, which can be repeated or consistent throughout the learning experience. Finally, while summative assessments can indeed yield quantitative results, saying that formative assessment is purely quantitative ignores the qualities and