Which equation can be used to estimate cardiac output?

The correct equation to estimate cardiac output is represented as the product of stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR). Cardiac output is defined as the amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute, and it can be calculated with the formula:

Cardiac Output (Q) = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR).

This relationship highlights the importance of both the volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat (SV) and the number of beats per minute (HR) in determining the overall volume of blood that circulates in the body over a given time. Thus, the equation effectively accounts for how both the efficiency of the heart (via stroke volume) and its frequency (via heart rate) contribute to overall circulation.

The other choices do not accurately represent the standard understanding of cardiac output calculation or incorporate the necessary components. The first option misrepresents the relationship by including blood pressure (BP) instead of stroke volume, while the others introduce irrelevant variables or misapply constants that do not accurately reflect physiological principles. Understanding the correct factors that contribute to cardiac output is crucial in assessing cardiovascular health and function in kinesiology practice.